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Brest Castle (Belarus)
Brest Castle ((ベラルーシ語:Берасцейскі замак)) was evolving in the course of several centuries from the Slavonic fortified settlement Berestye that had appeared at the turn of the 10th and 11th centuries at the confluence of the Mukhavets River into the Bug River, amid islands, formed by the rivers. It was re-built several times after numerous fires and sieges, was destroyed in the course of construction of the Brest Fortress in the 19th century.〔Ткачев, М. А. “Замки Беларуси”, ''Беларусь'', Минск, 2007, ISBN 978-985-01-0706-0〕
== Early History ==
There is only scarce textual data about the site of the castle before the 16th century. A record of 1017 in Thietmar's Chronicle: “Caesar … comperit, Ruszorum regem… nilque ibi ad urbem possessam profecisse”,〔Mentzel-Reuters, Arno und Gerhard Schmitz. “Chronicon Thietmari Merseburgensis”. ''MGH''. Munich, 2002, book VII, 65〕 that mentions Berestye as “urbs”. Caesar i.e. Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor learnt in 1017 that the Russian prince Yaroslav the Wise had attacked Duke of Poland Bolesław and he had gained nothing but captured Berestye. As there are no further details in the chronicle, the word “urbs” in Latin could denote a fortified settlement or a sort of fortress.
A record of 1182 in the chronicle of the famous Polish chronicler Vincent Kadlubko narrates, that “Qui Russiam ingressus primam Brestensium urbem aggreditur; tam viris, quam arte ac loci situ munitissimam obsidionum undique arctat angustiis”.〔Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae book IV, chapter 14〕 the chronicler narrates, that Brest was the first to be attacked by Casimir II the Just, who raided into the lands of Rus, Brest offered defiance when it was besieged. The chronicler describes Brest as a most protected place by people, art of fortification and location, implying its protection by rivers and their several branches, however, the word “urbs” in Latin gives no answer, what was besieged: a fortified town or just a sort of fortress.
In a document of 1099, written in the Old Russian language, Berestye is mentioned as “grad” 〔 i.e. gord for the first time. There is a record in the Russian Primary Chronicle dating back to 1276 that narrates about the construction of a “grad” and a tower by Vladimir Vasilkovich. The tower was similar to the Tower of Kamyanyets according to the chronicle. Probably, it was a keep like the Tower of Kamyanyets, dominating over the castle, yet there is few evidence and the tower did not survive when the Brest Fortress was built in the 19th century.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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